what does the name courtney mean in the bible

Aaron: As the older brother of Moses, Aaron is best known as the founder of the Israelite priesthood. She has had major accomplishments since 2009. Four is a mysterious number, as there are four seasons; four winds; four directions, such as North, South, East and West. There is a keenness to gather knowledge of things that are unknown. Lazarus 4. For more parenting tips and tricks, find us on Pinterest: Are you a writer, expert, or influencer? The two arms of the 'Y' are symmetrical in their upward spread, inspiring a wish for something greater than one's powers. Certainly, the four will often turn out to be oversensitive. At the compilation of ' Domesday,' Powderham was one of the two Devonshire manors of William de Ow, and on his forfeiture came to a family who thence took name. [1], Regardless of the earliest origin, in the mid-12th century, a branch of the family settled in England, where they obtained the barony of Okehampton and inherited the title of Earls of Devon in 1293. Anthony "Donie" Courtney (1970-2022), Irish actor, director and playwright from Killarney, Robert George Courtney (1959-2016), New Zealand Paralympic champion sprinter (1984), Henry Alexius Courtney Jr. (1916-1945), American officer of the United States Marine Corps Reserve during World War II, posthumous recipient of the, Charles Courtney (b. Popularity: 2414. Usually, you might be called to care for other people; or to complete work someone has started. It is pronounced K AO RTNiy- . Hebrew Name Lookup. Prominent alternative forms of Courtney (#1192 LAST YEAR) are Cortney, Courteney, Courtnee, Courtnie, Kortney, Kortni, Kourtney and Kourtni. Read more "Dream Team" Hebrew Classes. If you want to go further in your research on names, there are several other features like: name compatibility tool, name day calendar . You are extremely set in your own way and determined to handle things the way you think is best, so you are sure that things are taken care of. ASSOCIATED WITH surname, hero, medieval, story (literary), battle, combinations (blend), VARIANTS Cordney, Cordni, Cortenay, Corteney, Cortland, Cortne, Cortnee, Cortneigh, Cortney, Cortnie, Cortny, Courtenay, Courteneigh, Courteney, Courteny, Courtland, Courtlyn, Courtnay, Courtnee, Courtnie, Courtny, Kordney, Kortnay, Kortnee, Kortney, Kortni, Kortnie, Kortny, Kourtenay, Kourtnee, Kourtneigh, Kourtney, Kourtnee, Kourtni, Kourtnie, Kourty, Quartney, Courtney is a very popular first name for females (#245 out of 4276, Top 6%) and also a very popular surname for all people (#1202 out of 150436, Top 1%). Search comprehensively and find the name meaning of Courtney and its name origin or of any other name in . In the United States, the name Courtney is the 1,273rd most popular surname with an estimated 24,870 people with that name. Other terms for the Bible are the Holy Scriptures, Holy Writ, Scripture, or the Scriptures, which means "sacred writings." 12 Questions Show answers. American names have a diverse history that reflects the various cultures and populations that have contributed to the formation of the United States. Top 1000 Most Popular Baby Girl Names in the U.S. Top 1000 Most Popular Baby Boy Names in the U.S. Jennifer completed her Bachelors in Education from Curry College and her M.Ed from Concordia University. People have associated the name with "court nez" meaning "short nose", which was the nickname of a famous hero from a medieval story who lost the tip of his nose in battle. The negative feature of this letter is linked to the fact that one is inclined to complain a lot and therefore strain their relationships. For the person who has the Bee as the totem animal, bringing a contribution to the greater good is something they aspire to do. The energy contained within the month of June stimulates an interest in artistic endeavors. [5]. Cerebral and wise, people under this energy seek security and stability and their approach is usually a realistic and constructive one. Read the Hebrew Bible. The second derivation is from the surname or a nickname for an individual who had a snub nose. Courtney Love is an alternative rock, grunge, punk rock, and power pop musician. The Bible's closest to offering an exact definition is Hebrews 11:1: "Now faith is the assurance of things hoped for, the conviction of things not seen." From this particular passage, we see that the central feature of faithis confidence or trust. With an overwork prone disposition, individuals who have Y as the last letter of their name may pride themselves too much with their self-sufficient nature, thus ending up sabotaging their own results. If you are thinking about giving your baby the name Courtney, you should be aware that it is generally the best and most known name in many nations throughout the world. . Submit the origin and/or meaning of Ellani to us below. You probably have google this question: My baby name is Courtney and how can I combine the name Courtney with other names and create unique & new name? During colonial times, many settlers were of English, Dutch, French, or German descent and brought with them traditional names from their home countries. For more baby name inspiration check out these popular baby name lists: Considering one of these names? NameCensus.com. Although the conditions on the ships were extremely cramped, and some travelers arrived diseased, starving, and destitute, once in the colonies, many of the families prospered and made valuable contributions to the cultures of what would become the United States and Canada. What is the meaning of the name Remi? The number 4 in love becomes sincere and unreserved, being able to express their feelings freely and show their true colors. He passed away on February 22nd, 2011. Suggested similar-sounding names are Britney, Brittney, Bryttney, Carey, Carine, Carrey, Catey, Catrine, Charitey (see Charity), Chastney, Chayney, Cherrey, Chessney (see Chesney), Chorine, Cidney, Clarey, Cluny, Codey, Colene, Coley, Coline, Colline, Connee, Conney, Constancy, Corabel, Coralee, Cordey, Coreene, Coren, Corene, Corey, Corin, Corina, Corinda, Corine, Corinna, Corlene, Corley, Corlie, Corly, Cornela, Cornelya (see Cornelia), Corona, Correne, Correy, Corrin, Corrina, Corrinda, Corrine, Corrinna, Corry, Corryne, Cory, Corynn, Corynna, Corynne, Cozette, Cydney, Cyrene, Dorcey, Dorsey, Dottey (see Dorothy), Fortnea (see Fortney), Fortnee (see Fortney), Fortny (see Fortney), Honey, Korey, Korrey, Lorey, Lottey, Romney, Torey, Torrey and Whitney. The origins and meanings of the girl name in Old English: Courtly. Popular Irish baby names for girls include Aoife, Erin, Caoimhe, and Niamh. The emoji sequence can be used if you're about to ask someone a soft, yet risky question, or if you're just feeling hella shy. More: 75 Spiritual Names with Deep Meanings. 1940), American professional PGA golfer, Lieutenant James Courtney MC (1888-1934), New Zealand soldier awarded the Military Cross for his gallantry and leadership on 4 November 1918, (Another 34 notables are available in all our. Sandbox Learning is part of Sandbox & Co., a digital learning company. Individuals under the rule of 'E' can come across as complicated friends with many ideas, when all they want is to help their buddies unconditionally. Whether biblical characters from your favorite stories, or names with meanings that are powerful, there is no shortage of inspiration from The Bible. Courtney has dropped since its peak at Number 17 in 1995. 2023 SheMedia, LLC. FamilyEducation does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Advertising| Spread the word with the Peanut community we love celebrating a good name share. near Sens in northern France, or some other place similarly named, However, in the case of King Cyrus, the prophet Isaiah told us of Cyrus, by name, 200 years before . Outstanding amongst the family at this time was Renaud de Courtenay (1125-1194), English nobleman from Sutton, Berkshire, progenitor of the Devon line; Sir Hugh de Courtenay (1303-1377), the 2nd Earl of Devon; and Sir Peter Courtenay (1346-1405), soldier, knight of the shire, Chamberlain to King Richard II (1377-1399), famous jouster, received the honour of knighthood from the Black Prince after the Battle of Najera in 1367, at the same time as his brother Sir Philip, 1378 on a naval expedition with his brother Sir Philip, the fleet was attacked by Spaniards off the coast of Brittany and Sir Peter and his Another 240 words (17 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Courtney Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible. Prophecy told us there would be a forerunner to Christ, but we did not know his name would be John the Baptist. Information on our advertising guidelines can be found. The damaging four can be quite pessimistic towards others and tasks set in a work context. Courtney was used as a nickname. Family Education is part of the Sandbox Learning family of educational reference sites for parents, teachers, and students. Jesus 7. Courtney is baby girl name mainly popular in Christian religion and its main origin is English. If faith plays an important role in your life, choosing inspiration from The Bible when picking a name for your little one is a great place to start. The history of the English branch of this great house, whose famous coat of three torteaux 'at once waved over the towers of Edessa, and was reflected by the waters of the Seine/ has been set forth most graphically by Gibbon. The meaning of the name Courtney in French Baby Names is: From the court, or short nose. 1818), aged 22, Cornish settler convicted in Canadian Court Martial, sentenced for 14 years, transported aboard the ship "Maitland" on 22nd March 1840 to New South. with a snub nose, from Old French, Irish : English surname adopted by Text is registered by the US Library ofCongress under TX0007655635. Copyright 2018 - 2023 | Name Echo by Eida Goodman, The Core Numbers of Numerology: From Life Path to Hidden Passion, The Life Path Numbers: Hidden Messages to Keep in Mind, The Attitude Number: All 1 to 9 Meanings Explained, Name Numerology and The Impact of Name Changes. What is the Japanese. Courtney Origin: French Meaning: "courteous, from the court" Description: This courtly old Southern name has several cool male bearers: NFL player Courtney Brown, British jazz musician Courtney Pine, and Barbados-born economist Courtney Blackman, to name but a few. You are responsible for your own life and decisions. Therefore, one person was often referred to by several different spellings in a single lifetime. You'd succeed in life, however, to keep in mind that things will get better as you grow older. Blessed Careers: Dentistry, Mathematics, Security Services or similar. 2023 I love Languages. The names of both of these areas derive from the Gallo-Roman landlord, Curtenus. The court is the place where dignity is derived. The feminine name was first used in 20th century, starting from the USA. Try to be flexible and avoid jumping to conclusions. Parents appreciate the meaningful Hindu Girl names & Courtney name meaning is From the court. The term means book, or books, and may have originated from the ancient Egyptian port of Byblos (in modern-day Lebanon), where papyrus used for making books and scrolls was exported to Greece. But how about some less common dare we say obscure Bible names? The name Courtney is pronounced Courtier in English Baby Names. Certainly, being called Courtney means you will be highly regarded in society. The lucky number for this name, according to numerology, is 4, and it has a beneficial effect on personality development. The name Courtney is a girl's name of French origin meaning "short nose". And its no surprise when you consider that around 2.38 billion people practice Christianity and 15.2 million people practice Judaism. He was most active from 1983 to 1983. This name has many inspiring meanings such as "mountain of strength", "exalted", "enlightened" and of course "miraculous". She passed away on May 2nd, 1859. Parents are also responsible to be given a good name to their little angel. Jonathan 9. Accompanying with Courtney meaning you can also listen here how to pronounce Courtney name. A submission from Texas, U.S. says the name Ellani means "light" and is of Greek origin. Originally a place name from France called Courtenay, which means short in Latin. First Trimester To-Do List: Take Care of Yourself. Retrieved from. Answer The word bible simply means "book." The English word bible is ultimately derived from the Greek term biblia, meaning "books." Biblia is the plural form of biblion, which denotes any written document, but originally one inscribed on papyrus. Parents wait impatiently for their children to come into this world so that they can experience the best feeling in the world. Derived from the French name Courtenay and the Latin word curtus meaning shortCourtney translates to "short nose.". Making decisions and getting your daily life in order can be a problem. The meaning of Courtney is domain of Curtius, which is Old French for domain of the gods. Whether you'd like a classic Old Testament name, or a more unusual New Testament choice for your gift from God, you'll find a broad selection of biblical baby names in our top list of 75. Forebears, 7 Ships Arcadian Expedition of 1785. Read on to learn what Courtney means in spiritual terms. Thus the oldest coats of arms generally do not include a motto. This beautiful name originated in the English language, and is very well-liked by parents. 1941), English former football referee, William Leonard Courtney (1850-1928), English author, Leonard Henry Courtney (1832-1918), English politician. Still not found the perfect Biblical girl names for your little one? Mr. Willaim Courtney, British Convict who was convicted in Kingston upon Hull, Thomas Courtney, aged 22, a painter, who arrived in Auckland, New Zealand aboard the ship "Ocean Mail" in 1875, John Courtney, aged 23, a farm labourer, who arrived in Wellington, New Zealand aboard the ship "Waimea" in 1876, Eugene Courtney, aged 21, a farm labourer, who arrived in Wellington, New Zealand aboard the ship "Waimea" in 1876, Thomas Courtney, aged 24, a farm labourer, who arrived in Wellington, New Zealand aboard the ship "Rakaia" in 1878, Julia Courtney, aged 19, a servant, who arrived in Wellington, New Zealand aboard the ship "Rakaia" in 1878, William Nicholas Stone Courtney (1929-2011), English television actor, best remembered for his role in Doctor Who, Duane Jerome Courtney (b. American Baby Names Meaning: In American Baby Names the meaning of the name Jeffrey is: God's peace. This name is not only lovely but also profound. What does Courtney mean in the Bible? Celebrating over 15 years online. Dave was given the name David John Courtney on February 17th, 1959 in Bermondsey, London, England. Adoption of these relations of Courtney reached its apex in the year 1990 (MEDIAN #1060) and has become much reduced since (#1910, DOWN 98.8%). Judah 5. The symbolism of June focuses on creative power and cheerfulness. What Does The Name Courteney Mean? Although you have the desire to make changes and to get on a more even keel in your life, you may feel during this time, that there is still a little uncertainty about your future, and this is natural. You are a great supervisor and you hold a good feeling of how to get things done, quickly. LEGAL DISCLAIMER: Auntyflo.com is for Entertainment Purposes ONLY and is not qualified to give Medical, Legal or Financial Advice, and takes no responsibility for individual interpretations. The two women are familiar to each other. It takes inspiration to come up with a name for your child, and your faith may be a phenomenal source of inspiration. In French Baby Names the meaning of the name Courtney is: From the court, or short nose. Friends are plenty, as soon as friendships are created, they often last a lifetime. She plays List of Rickenbacker products, Fender Jazzmaster, and Squier Venus. Most of the Biblical names tend to be more humble than cool, but we think this is one of the coolest names in the Bible: Weve done our research and were pleased to introduce you to: Its really up to you which Biblical names you find the most beautiful, but how about this one: Among these 564 Biblical baby names, were sure youll find something that you love. All rights reserved. The most beautiful girl you will EVER meet, she is usually very shy & quiet, but once you get past that.she can be down to earth, funny, and sometimes even annoying. How about: And if you want to share similar sentiments and appreciation with your partner, you could always name baby: Whether youre celebrating your rainbow baby or wish to honor a difficult TTC journey, bible names that mean miracle are a beautiful choice. Seeking something strong, ancient, and filled with profound meaning? I left my 'comfortable' job on Facebook to fulfill my dream - educating people worldwide. The name, however, is a reference one of two areas bearing the name Courtenay in Normandy. [8]. Courtnei previous name Courtni Choosing a name for your child is a significant decision, and selecting one with a Christian meaning can add a special touch of spiritual significance to their identity. most popular boys name of the last century in the USA. We are all for sharing your proud mama vibes. Calendula flowers are recognized as a sacred flower in India and are said to channel good opportunities. 75 Biblical Names (& Meanings) To Inspire Your Baby Name Search, 75 Biblical Names (& Meanings) to Inspire Your Baby Name Search. Does not enjoy being away from home comforts. And not just the familiars like Noah, Matthew, and Sarah. See Courtney for more information. Form of the name Remy. Courtney is a christian girl name and it is an English originated name with multiple meanings.Courtney name meaning is From the court and the associated lucky number is 4. Mary 2. And we could go further. Possibly the world's best online Biblical Hebrew course! You can see how it looks the name Courtney as first name or Courtney as last name. English (of Norman origin) : habitational name from Courtenay You are great at operating a business or simply finishing a task. Anyone living in the UK, US, Canada, India, or Saudi Arabia can easily conduct an online search for information about this name. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z. Pronounced KORT-nee, this . The name was established by this trace only to the year 790. In numerology, this meaning is converted into a useful tool for understanding our inner most secrets. You are oversensitive, self conscious, and also afraid to spend money. She holds the title Doll Parts". Courtney name meanings is From the court. Nicholas was given the name William Nicholas Stone Courtney on December 16th, 1929 in Cairo. Click Here For Timestamps~ A SPIRITUAL message for YOU! The Moonstone is the favorable gemstone for people whose name is Courtney. The Monday energy is best channeled into activities that have to do with personal development and healing. In colour therapy and colour healing, Green provides mental and physical relaxation. The Greeks, considered the number four as the root of everything. People search this name as The meaning of courtney in the bible, Girls named courtney in ireland, Meaning of the name courtney, Courtney meaning biblical. Origin French Theme Gender-neutral Popularity #150 in 2023 -67 from 2022 Source: BabyCenter user data 1725), aged 60, French widow traveling aboard the ship "Le Bon Papa" arriving in New Orleans, Louisiana on 29th July 1785, Lawrence Courtney, who landed in New York in 1795, Margaret Courtney, aged 24, who arrived in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1804, Richard Courtney, aged 25, who arrived in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1804, Thomas Courtney, who arrived in America in 1808, Henry Courtney, who landed in America in 1809, Peter Courtney, who landed in New York, NY in 1811, Mr. William Courtney, (b. French Baby Names Meaning: In French Baby Names the meaning of the name Courtney is: From. His name means 'rest' in the sense of 'coming to rest,' or quietness. The name Courtney is primarily used in Hindi-speaking nations, but it is also used in a small number of other nations and languages of the world. Retrieved from, Cornwall Online Parish Clerks. bearers of Gaelic Curnin descendant of. Detailed Meaning Origin: French Quick Meaning: King's Attendent Number of letters: 8, Those 8 letters total to 40 Gender: Girl Latin: Female Born at court. 2022Auntyflo. The name Courtney means 'short nose; domain of Curtius; domain of the short one'. Proof The arithmetic mean of a and b is given by (a + b)/2. Your use of the site indicates your agreement to be bound by our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. In the 21st century, Biblical names for boys are more popular in the US than those for girls with 10 featuring in the top 32 favorite boy names. Individuals whose names begin with the letter C seem to have almost intrinsic ways of achieving their aims, and are not shying away from big endeavours, even from those that are very complex. A multitude of spelling variations characterize Norman surnames. Names like Mary and Theresa for girls and Dominic and Paul for males all have Catholic roots. . The name Courtney is compatible with first names with either of the initials T, I & C but is not so compatible with last names starting with X, O & T. For Numerologists, the letter that initiates a name, or the Cornerstone provides insight into how a person reacts to the life's challenges and opportunities and how they master new situations. It is of Old French origin, and the meaning of Courtney is "domain of Curtius". You are unwaveringly loyal. This is a jewel that fosters a sense of stability and resistance to any harm. Want to give your child a name that speaks to your beliefs? The steadying energy of the number 4 favors individuals who are realistic and make for trusted and loyal companions. 8 alphabets make up the name. She has had major accomplishments since 1982. According to a user from Virginia, U.S., the name Courtney means "God loves you". Nicholas Courtney was an actor. Female Biblical names may no longer be as popular as their male equivalents, but that doesnt mean you dont have plenty of choice for a truly great one. Boys' names and their variants that mean a "gift from God" include: Jonathan, Matthew, Matthias, Mateo, Nathanael, and Theodore. Weve selected some of the most common, beautiful, and rare all the better for capturing this profound milestone. film actor, television actor, stage actor, Courtney name meanings in English, personality, lucky number, lucky stone, origin and religion, (Courtney name 3D wallpaper and writing styles), Leonard Courtney, 1st Baron Courtney of Penwith. But either way and for all the options in between your name is a crucial factor in developing your sense of self, and thus helps propel you forward on various paths of life and career. Eliza was born as the child of Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, Georgiana Cavendish, and Duchess of Devonshire on February 20th, 1792 in Aix-en-Provence. Think youve found the perfect fit for your newborn? Understand it all by viewing our, Another 57 words (4 lines of text) about their life in, Family Crest Download (JPG) Heritage Series - 600 DPI, Family Crests and Genealogy: how they relate, https://forebears.io/new-zealand/surnames, http://www.opc-cornwall.org/Resc/pdfs/emigration_ellis_island_1892_on.pdf, https://convictrecords.com.au/ships/david-lyon, https://convictrecords.com.au/ships/clyde, https://convictrecords.com.au/ships/duncan, http://www.opc-cornwall.org/Resc/pdfs/emigration_australia_convicts.pdf, https://convictrecords.com.au/ships/asia/1840, Contemporary Notables of the name Courtney (post 1700), James, Sybill and Jo Courtney, who settled in Virginia in 1635, Jo Courtney, aged 32, who landed in Virginia in 1635, Sybil Courtney, aged 33, who arrived in Virginia in 1635, James Courtney, who landed in Maryland in 1638, George Courtney, who arrived in Maryland in 1664, Paul Courtney, who arrived in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1775, Mrs. Esther Courtney, (b. This site has been set up as a free etymology and onomastics resource to look up the history and meaning of names. to be called Courtney means that you will find that many people will be influenced by your good nature. A lot of popular baby names in the world tend to have a Biblical, Judeo-Christian meaning. Salome 3. 1985), English footballer, George Courtney (b. She is always smiling and is friends with everyone. Learn to respect your personal opinions and also beliefs. Accompanying with Courtney meaning you can also listen here how to pronounce Courtney name. Your partner in parenting from baby name inspiration to college planning. Furthermore, the actual negative four features a bad temper and a tendency to have a depressed state of mind. Among the Top 20 names of the 1990s, today's Courtney is more apt to be the babysitter than the baby. It was introduced in England following the Norman Conquest of 1066. However, historians have only been able to prove the line back to about the year 1020, in the Isles of France where they were descended from the great Emperor Charlemagne. Courtney as a girls' name (also used less widely as boys' name Courtney) is pronounced KORT-nee. It means the kings court attendant. The Bible usually does not mention names in prophecy. Rest. Thought and courtesy arrives naturally to you personally and you will be extremely captivating and also helpful to others. Pin it to save it for later: Jennifer Caffelle is an Early Education professional and blogger, but by far her favorite job is being a Mama to two littles. Charbonneau, Andr, and Doris Drolet-Dub. You like to keep your money making ideas to yourself. Early immigrants include: The motto was originally a war cry or slogan. Courtney is a greek name meaning beautiful gem!!! Some sources say the name comes from an old German word alia, meaning "all," or alja meaning "other," while others point to modern Hebrew, where Ella means "goddess," and also "terebinth tree." And Ella is a Spanish personal pronoun meaning "she . In English Baby Names the meaning of the name Courtney is: Courtier; court attendant. According to a user from Kentucky, U.S., the name Courtney means "Latin origin, meaning, 'surrounded by God's love.'". Another 91 words (6 lines of text) covering the years 1125, 1194, 1303, 1377, 1346, 1405, 1377, 1399, 1367, 1378, 1355, 1406, 1556, 1527, 1556, 1415, 1377, 1413, 1413, 1411, 1415, 1415 and are included under the topic Early Courtney History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible. This is quite a sensitive person who has the will to forge a romance that they can be proud of, ideally with someone on the same frequency as them. Kourtney Kourtnee Kourtnie Kortnee Kourtny Family name origins & meanings English (of Norman origin) : habitational name from Courtenay near Sens in northern France, or some other place similarly named, from the name of a Romano-Gallic landlord, Curtenus (a derivative of Latin curtus 'short') + the locative suffix -acum. Ella is a short and flowy name with multiple known meanings, depending on which origin you consider. Could also be a short form of the name Oluremi in Yoruba (West Africa). For a couple, a child is the most precious gift from God that has no substitute. The name Courtney was introduced to England after the Norman Conquest of 1066, a name derived from Old French. From the surname of the aristocratic Courtenay family, based on the Old French word meaning short nose. Download Peanut to connect with women at a similar stage in life. The actual pessimistic four, can be dogmatic, also excessive, narrow-minded, and repressive. The names of both of these areas derive from the Gallo-Roman landlord, Curtenus. Sweet as they are, none of these feature in the good book. Courtney in Hebrew My Hebrew Name: Courtney in Hebrew (Note: English names which are not derived from Hebrew names are normally represented below by Hebrew names with similar underlying meanings.) When used for girls, it's also a variation of the name Audrey. Stephanie was born on February 8th, 1970 in Stony Point, New York, U.S. Joel Courtney is an actor. Around mid-life, things will change around your home. Courtney was given the name Courtney Bernard Vance on March 12th, 1960 in Detroit, Michigan, U.S. Courtney was given the name Courtney Alexis Stodden on August 29th, 1994 in Tacoma, Washington, United States. Michael During this period, the most common female names were: [3] 1.